PART-YEAR OPERATION IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICAN MANUFACTURING: EVIDENCE FROM THE 1870 AND 1880 CENSUSES
利用1870和1880年制造业普查手稿数据，研究19世纪末美国工厂季节性运营的普遍性及其与行业、地点和工厂特征的关系，发现季节性工厂工人月薪更高以补偿工作不连续。
We examine the extent and correlates of part-year manufacturing during the late nineteenth century using unpublished data from the manuscripts of the 1870 and 1880 censuses of manufactures. These are the earliest comprehensive estimates available on this topic. Although the typical manufacturing plant operated full-time, part-year operation was not uncommon. Indeed, the likelihood of part-year operation varied across industries and location and with plant characteristics, and workers in such plants received higher monthly wages than those in firms that operated year-round, compensating them for the loss of work and possible inconvenience.