Digging deeper into Hardin's pasture: the complex institutional structure of ‘the tragedy of the commons’
运用奥斯特罗姆的社会-生态系统框架重新分析哈丁的“公地悲剧”，发现其制度结构比预想的更复杂，悲剧源于多种资源和制度的相互作用。
Abstract A revised application of Ostrom's (Ostrom, 2007) Social-Ecological System (SES) framework to Hardin's ‘tragedy of the commons’ (Hardin, G. (1968), Science , 162 (3859): 1243–1248) demonstrates that its institutional structure is more complex than either Hardin or Ostrom had imagined. The ‘tragedy’ arises from several interacting resources and institutions. If the grass on the pasture was not subject to appropriation, the cattle were not privately owned, or property- and contract-enforcement institutions supporting market exchange were absent, then the ‘tragedy of the commons’ would not have arisen regardless of the open-access pasture. This paper highlights the utility of the SES framework and the care required to apply it precisely to specific social-ecological situations.