Entry Strategies Under Competing Standards: Hybrid Business Models in the Open Source Software Industry
分析软件公司进入开源领域的策略，基于对146家意大利软件公司的调查，发现企业通过混合商业模式（同时提供专有和开源软件）来适应现有标准主导的环境，并探讨了开放程度的决定因素及混合模式的稳定性。
The paper analyzes the strategies of software firms that have entered the open source (OS) field. The notion of the OS business model is discussed in the light of a substantial body of theoretical literature concerning strategic management and the economics of innovation, as well as specialized literature on OS. Empirical evidence based on a survey of 146 Italian software firms shows that firms have adapted to an environment dominated by incumbent standards by combining the offering of proprietary and OS software under different licensing schemes, thus choosing a hybrid business model. The paper examines the determinants of the degree of openness toward OS and discusses the stability of hybrid models in the evolution of the industry.