Test statistics for prospect and Markowitz stochastic dominances with applications
为前景理论和马科维茨理论中的S形和反S形效用投资者开发了前三阶随机占优检验统计量，并推导其极限分布，通过bootstrap方法确定临界值，最后用iShares和互联网泡沫前后的股票数据验证了方法的实用性。
Levy and Levy (2002, 2004) extend the stochastic dominance (SD) theory for risk averters and risk seekers by developing the prospect SD (PSD) and Markowitz SD (MSD) theory for investors with S‐shaped and reverse S‐shaped (RS‐shaped) utility functions, respectively. Davidson and Duclos (2000) develop SD tests for risk averters whereas Sriboonchitra et al. (2009) modify their statistics to obtain SD tests for risk seekers. In this paper, we extend their work by developing new statistics for both PSD and MSD of the first three orders. These statistics provide a tool to examine the preferences of investors with S‐shaped utility functions proposed by Kahneman and Tversky (1979) in their prospect theory and investors with RS‐shaped investors proposed by Markowitz (1952a). We also derive the limiting distributions of the test statistics to be stochastic processes. In addition, we propose a bootstrap method to decide the critical points of the tests and prove the consistency of the bootstrap tests. To illustrate the applicability of our proposed statistics, we apply them to study the preferences of investors with the corresponding S‐shaped and RS‐shaped utility functions vis‐à‐vis returns on iShares and vis‐à‐vis returns of traditional stocks and Internet stocks before and after the Internet bubble.