The Importance of Emotions for the Effectiveness of Social Punishment
实验研究社会困境中合作行为的执行机制，发现愤怒等负面情绪虽能激励惩罚搭便车者，但也会引发报复；而羞耻和内疚等社会情绪能抑制报复、促进未来合作，对惩罚的有效性至关重要。
ABSTRACT: This paper experimentally explores how the enforcement of cooperative behavior in a social dilemma is facilitated through institutional as well as emotional mechanisms. Recent studies emphasize the importance of negatively valued emotions, such as anger, which motivate individuals to punish free riders. However, these types of emotions also trigger retaliatory behavior by the punished individuals. This makes the enforcement of a cooperative norm more costly. We show that in addition to anger, ‘social ’ emotions like shame and guilt need to be present for punishment to be an effective deterrent of uncooperative actions. They play a key role by subduing the desire of punished individuals to retaliate and by motivating them to behave more cooperatively in the future.