How Important Can the Non-Violation Clause Be for the GATT/WTO?
建立模型分析GATT非违反条款的作用，发现其在均衡路径上作用有限，但在非均衡路径上可能发挥重要作用，对理解国际贸易制度设计有参考价值。
The “non-violation” clause of GATT is Exhibit A for the proposition that international trade agreements are incomplete contracts. According to the terms-of-trade theory of trade agreements, it underpins the success of the GATT/WTO's “shallow integration” approach. Yet the observed role of the non-violation complaint is minimal. We develop a model of non-violation claims in trade agreements, demonstrate that it predicts a minimal on-equilibrium-path role for non-violation claims under reasonable parameter restrictions, and show that the non-violation clause may nevertheless play an important off-equilibrium-path role in the GATT/WTO.