Collateral Damage: The Legacy of the Secret War in Laos
研究美国在老挝的秘密战争（1964-73）对经济发展的长期影响，发现轰炸强度每增加一个标准差，人均GDP下降7.1%，并通过未爆弹药污染等机制持续影响人力资本和结构转型。
Abstract We investigate the long-term impact of conflict on economic development, focusing on the US ‘Secret War’ in Laos (1964–73). Our study employs multiple empirical strategies and data on bombing campaigns, satellite imagery, and development indicators to demonstrate that regions heavily bombed during this period experienced lower economic development almost fifty years after the conflict officially ended. A one-standard-deviation increase in bombing intensity is associated with a 7.1% decrease in GDP per capita. We demonstrate the persistent effects of bombing campaigns on human capital accumulation, structural transformation and migration patterns, stressing the role of unexploded ordnance contamination as the primary mechanism of transmission of these effects.