Network Effects, Congestion Externalities, and Air Traffic Delays: Or Why Not All Delays Are Evil
研究枢纽网络效应和拥堵外部性对空中交通拥堵的影响，发现枢纽效应占主导，枢纽航空公司因航班集群而承担大部分额外旅行时间，非枢纽航班影响很小，提示最优拥堵税对枢纽机场航班模式影响有限。
We examine two factors that explain air traffic congestion: network benefits due to hubbing and congestion externalities. While both factors impact congestion, we find that the hubbing effect dominates empirically. Hub carriers incur most of the additional travel time from hubbing, primarily because they cluster their flights in short time spans to provide passengers as many potential connections as possible with a minimum of waiting time. Non-hub flights at the same hub airports operate with minimal additional travel time. These results suggest that an optimal congestion tax might have a relatively small impact on flight patterns at hub airports.