Transactions/List Pricing
解释了下游企业投资后上游垄断者才知成本时，为何会先签合同定最高价（标价）并在成本低时打折，即交易/标价定价的合理性，并用此解释Stigler和Kindahl关于中期价格动态的发现。
Supposethat a representative downstream firm must buy relationship-specific capital before an upstream monopolist is privately informed of its unit costs.We show that the upstream firm will write a contract before the downstream firm invests, specifying a maximum (list) price which may be discounted when costs are low.This model therefore rationalizes transactions/list pricing: a prevalent mode of inter-firm trading.We use our results to explain Stigler and Kindahl's findings on medium-term price dynamics.