CULTURE AND FAIRNESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSTITUTIONS IN THE CALIFORNIA GOLD FIELDS
指出加州金矿产权形成的早期解释忽略了文化因素，认为文化（如个人主义、平等、尊重财产、按劳分配等公平观念）通过提供焦点解决了集体行动问题，并塑造了矿工愿意捍卫的规范与制度。
Earlier accounts of the creation of property rights in the California gold fields ignored culture and are incomplete. We argue that culture matters in solving collective-action problems. Such problems in the California gold fields were solved through reliance on cultural focal points. Focal points included individualism, equality, respect for property, and rewards commensurate to work. Cultural concepts of fairness served to create norms and institutions that miners were willing to defend, which included majority rule, election of officials, trial by jury, allocation of a first-come, first-served basis and rules for working claims.