Inequality in 3‐D: Income, Consumption, and Wealth
利用1989-2016年美国消费者金融调查数据，首次从收入、消费和财富三个维度联合研究家庭不平等，发现多维不平等程度和增速远超单一维度，美国经济不平等比普遍认知更严重。
We do not need to and should not have to choose amongst income, consumption, or wealth as the superior measure of well‐being. All three individually and jointly determine well‐being. We are the first to study inequality in three conjoint dimensions for the same households, using income, consumption, and wealth from the 1989–2016 Surveys of Consumer Finances (SCF). The paper focuses on two questions. What does inequality in two and three dimensions look like? Has inequality in multiple dimensions increased by less, by more, or by about the same as inequality in any one dimension? We find an increase in inequality in two dimensions and in three dimensions, with a faster increase in multi‐dimensional inequality than in one‐dimensional inequality. Viewing inequality through one dimension greatly understates the level and the growth in inequality in two and three dimensions. The U.S. is becoming more economically unequal than is generally understood.