The Performance of Performance Standards
研究JTPA绩效系统，分析绩效激励如何扭曲官僚决策，发现短期绩效指标与长期影响弱相关，且撇脂行为带来的效率损益较小。
The Performance of Performance Standards *This paper examines the performance of the JTPA performance system, a widely emulated model for inducing efficiency in government organizations.We present a model of how performance incentives may distort bureaucratic decisions.We define cream skimming within the model.Two major empirical findings are (a) that the short run measures used to monitor performance are weakly, and sometimes perversely, related to long run impacts and (b) that the efficiency gains or losses from cream skimming are small.We find evidence that centers respond to performance standards.