Education for Growth: Why and for Whom?
梳理微观计量和宏观增长文献中关于教育对收入与GDP增长影响的证据，发现跨国数据中教育年限变化对收入增长的影响至少与微观估计的回报率相当，且初始人力资本存量的正向效应在放松常数系数假设后不稳健。
This paper summarizes and tries to reconcile evidence from the microeconometric and empirical macro growth literatures on the effect of schooling on income and GDP growth. Much microeconometric evidence suggests that education is an important causal determinant of income for individuals within countries. At a national level, however, recent studies have found that increases in educational attainment are unrelated to economic growth. This discrepancy appears to be a result of the high rate of measurement error in first-differenced cross-country education data. After accounting for measurement error, the effect of changes in educational attainment on income growth in cross-country data is at least as great as microeconometric estimates of the rate of return to years of schooling. Another finding of the macro growth literature—that economic growth depends positively on the initial stock of human capital—is not robust when the assumption of a constant-coefficient model is relaxed.