Do Female Officers Improve Law Enforcement Quality? Effects on Crime Reporting and Domestic Violence
研究1970年代末至1990年代初美国警务中女性比例提升对暴力犯罪举报和家庭暴力的影响，发现女警官增加显著提高了针对女性的暴力犯罪（尤其是家庭暴力）的举报率，并降低了亲密伴侣凶杀和非致命家暴发生率。
Abstract We study the impact of the integration of women in U.S. policing between the late 1970s and early 1990s on violent crime reporting and domestic violence (DV). Along these two key dimensions, we find that female officers improved police quality. Crime victimization data reveal that as female representation increases among officers in an area, violent crimes against women in that area, and especially DV, are reported to the police at significantly higher rates. There are no such effects for violent crimes against men or from increases in the female share of civilian police employees. Furthermore, increases in female officer shares are followed by significant declines in rates of intimate partner homicide and non-fatal domestic abuse. These effects are all consistent between fixed effects models with controls for economic and policy variables and models that focus exclusively on increases in female police employment driven by externally imposed affirmative action plans following litigation for employment discrimination.