The Rebound Effect in Energy-Intensive Industries:A Factor Demand Model with Asymmetric Price Response
研究了瑞典四个能源密集型产业（纸浆造纸、钢铁、化工、采矿）在2001-2012年间的直接反弹效应，发现电力与非化石燃料的效率改进甚至可能引发“回火”，建议将自愿能效计划与提高能源税相结合以减少总能耗。
The purpose of this paper is to estimate industry-specific direct rebound effects and to relate these effects to industry energy efficiency programs. The rebound effect represents economic behavior that will offset energy savings from energy efficiency improvements. The paper focuses on four energy intense sectors in Sweden; pulp and paper, iron and steel, chemical, and mining, during 2001-2012. We apply a factor demand model that allows for asymmetric energy price responses, i.e. that firms respond differently to increasing and decreasing energy prices. The results show considerable rebound effects. For electricity and non-fossil fuels, efficiency improvements could even ‘backfire’. To mitigate this effect, policies, such as voluntary energy efficiency programs, should be combined with an increase in energy taxes if the ambition is to reduce overall energy use.