Leniency and Damages: Where Is the Conflict?
研究了反垄断损害赔偿诉讼与宽大处理项目之间的潜在冲突，发现冲突源于立法设计，而非必然存在；通过限制宽大受益者的民事责任并允许原告获取执法机构证据，可提升宽大项目效果，质疑了欧盟2014年限制宽大陈述使用的指令。
Damage actions may reduce leniency programs’ attractiveness for cartel participants if their cooperation with the competition authority increases the chance that the cartel’s victims will sue them. This apparent conflict between public and private antitrust enforcement led to calls for a legal compromise. We show that the conflict is due to the legislation, and a compromise is not required: limiting the victims’ ability to recover their losses is not necessary to preserve the effectiveness of leniency programs and may be counterproductive. We show that damage actions will improve their effectiveness if the civil liability of the immunity recipient is minimized and full access to all evidence collected by the competition authority is granted to claimants. Our results help compare the EU and US damage systems and directly question the 2014 EU directive that tries to protect leniency programs’ effectiveness by restricting access to leniency statements in subsequent damage actions.