Why Does Globalization Fuel Populism? Economics, Culture, and the Rise of Right-Wing Populism
通过分析2016年美国大选，发现全球化冲击通过文化和身份认同渠道助长了右翼民粹主义，并提出了全球化刺激民粹主义的四个渠道，分别从政治的需求侧和供给侧展开。
There is compelling evidence that globalization shocks, often working through culture and identity, have played an important role in driving up support for populist movements, particularly of the right-wing kind. I start with an empirical analysis of the 2016 presidential election in the United States to show that globalization-related attitudinal variables were important correlates of the switch to Trump. I then provide a conceptual framework that identifies four distinct channels through which globalization can stimulate populism, two each on the demand and supply sides of politics. I evaluate the empirical literature with the help of this framework, discussing trade, financial globalization, and immigration separately. I conclude the review by discussing some apparently anomalous cases in which populists have been against, rather than in favor of, trade protection.