On the Analogy Between Business and Sport: Towards an Aristotelian Response to The Market Failures Approach to Business Ethics
探讨商业是否应像体育一样采用对抗性伦理，提出三个反对理由：自愿与非自愿风险的本质差异、体育对抗的娱乐功能不可类比、运动员对运动的热爱无法在商业中复制，最后指出亚里士多德式商业伦理可回应这些反对。
Abstract This paper explores the notion that business calls for an adversarial ethic, akin to that of sport. On this view, because of their competitive structure, both sport and business call for behaviours that are contrary to ‘ordinary morality’, and yet are ultimately justified because of the goods they facilitate. I develop three objections to this analogy. Firstly, there is an important qualitative difference between harms risked voluntarily and harms risked involuntarily. Secondly, the goods achieved by adversarial relationships in sport go beyond the function of sport, i.e. to entertain audiences. Thirdly, the most plausible account of the athlete’s motivational development starts with their love of the sport, which can explain a commitment to the sporting ethics in a way that is not paralleled in business. I close by drawing attention to the ways in which an Aristotelian conception of business ethics may be able to accommodate these objections.