Using Loan Loss Indicators by Loan Type to Sharpen the Evaluation of Banks' Loan Loss Accruals
手工收集10-K表格中按贷款类型计提的贷款损失准备数据，发现银行通过商业贷款操纵利润和监管资本，且不同贷款类型的计提及时性差异显著。
SYNOPSIS Prior research acknowledges that the determinants, timeliness, and economic implications of banks' provisions for loan losses (PLL) vary across loan types. However, the lack of machine-readable data on PLL by loan type has precluded researchers from incorporating loan type into the evaluation of PLL beyond either controlling for or partitioning the sample on crude proxies for loan portfolio composition. We calculate PLL by loan type as the change in the allowance for loan losses by loan type, which we hand collect from Form 10-K filings, plus net charge-offs by loan type, which we obtain from regulatory filings. Using these data, we show that prior findings that banks exercise discretion over PLL to smooth earnings and increase regulatory capital are driven by commercial loans, a thin slice of banks' loan portfolios, and that commonly used measures of PLL timeliness vary substantially across loan types. JEL Classifications: G21; G28; M41; M48.