How data shape actor relations in artificial intelligence innovation systems: an empirical observation from China
以中国人工智能创新系统为例，探讨数据如何重塑政府、产业和大学之间的关系，发现数据作为核心资源改变了传统行动者互动模式，数字平台因掌控数据和前沿知识而日益重要。
Abstract With the rise of artificial intelligence (AI), data are widely viewed as the “new oil”. However, data substantially differ from conventional resources in the sense that they are important not only for production but also for knowledge development and public policymaking. This article explores whether and how data reshape government–industry–university relations in the era of AI. Taking China’s AI innovation system as a case, this article investigates the dynamics of actor relations in the business subsystem, knowledge subsystem, and regulatory subsystem. The change of the fundamental input from physical resources to virtual data in AI innovation systems has significantly transformed the relations among industry, state, and academia, and digital platforms are playing an increasingly important role in business value creation, knowledge generation, and regulation formation due to their control of valuable data and frontier expertise in the context of uncertainty.