Targeted Product Design
提出一个产品设计的直观模型，企业位于圆内而消费者在圆周上，设计权衡水平与垂直运输成本。研究了垄断、双寡头和垄断竞争下的设计选择，发现低质量或高边际成本的企业会选择利基设计。
We propose an intuitive representation of product design in which firms locate inside a circle and consumers in its outer circumference. Designs trade off horizontal and vertical transport costs. Our setting encompasses all linear demand rotations. Firms with lower quality or higher marginal costs choose niche designs that cater to specific consumers at the expense of alienating the rest. Firms choose intermediate designs or more polarized ones, instead, depending on the convexity of the vertical transport cost. We examine such design choices in monopoly, duopoly, and monopolistic competition settings.