Dependence or Constraints? Cash Transfers and Labor Supply
利用玻利维亚全国性有条件现金转移项目的资格标准变化，发现该项目增加了适龄儿童父母的就业，尤其是女性，并促进了自雇和家庭企业投资，表明现金转移可能缓解流动性约束、激发创业并减轻过度工作者的负担。
Decreases in labor supply among cash transfer recipients are often cited as potential drawbacks of social assistance programs. However, cash transfers can also increase employment. Using variation across cohorts and over time in the eligibility criteria of a nationwide conditional cash transfer program in Bolivian public schools, this paper shows that employment increases among parents of eligible children, particularly for females. The increase in employment coincides with increases in self-employment and in the probability of investing in family businesses. These effects are mostly driven by females from areas with limited access to financial services. As mothers work more, overworked fathers reduce work hours. The results suggest that there are (positive) unintended consequences of cash transfer programs targeting households with school-age children: cash transfers may relax liquidity constraints and boost entrepreneurship and also relieve overworked adults.