How Collective-Action Failure Shapes Group Heterogeneity and Engagement in Conventional and Radical Action Over Time
基于澳大利亚2017年婚姻平等辩论前后数据，研究发现成功使支持者趋同，而失败在反对者中产生四种不同反应模式，包括退出、温和参与、坚持原策略或转向新策略，这些差异由社会认同、群体效能和愤怒水平预测。
Extensive research has identified factors influencing collective-action participation. However, less is known about how collective-action outcomes (i.e., success and failure) shape engagement in social movements over time. Using data collected before and after the 2017 marriage-equality debate in Australia, we conducted a latent profile analysis that indicated that success unified supporters of change ( n = 420), whereas failure created subgroups among opponents ( n = 419), reflecting four divergent responses: disengagement (resigned acceptors), moderate disengagement and continued investment (moderates), and renewed commitment to the cause using similar strategies (stay-the-course opponents) or new strategies (innovators). Resigned acceptors were least inclined to act following failure, whereas innovators were generally more likely to engage in conventional action and justify using radical action relative to the other profiles. These divergent reactions were predicted by differing baseline levels of social identification, group efficacy, and anger. Collective-action outcomes dynamically shape participation in social movements; this is an important direction for future research.