Beyond emotion valence and arousal: A new focus on the target of leader emotion expression within leader–member dyads
提出一个新理论框架，探讨领导者情绪表达的目标（指向下属或自身）如何与效价、唤醒共同影响下属情绪及领导者-成员交换关系质量。
Summary To date, most research on emotion and leadership in organizations has emphasized only one dimension of emotion, valence; and only some research has mentioned the emotion dimension of arousal. An organizing framework for making sense of the effects of leader emotions vis‐à‐vis the direction in which those emotions are targeted, however, has yet to be developed. To address this shortcoming in the literature, we present a new theoretical framework to explore the impact of the target of leader emotion within leader–member dyads—when the emotion is targeting either the follower or the leader themselves. We theorize that leader emotions have disparate effects on followers in high‐ and low‐quality leader–member relationships, depending on whether the emotions are directed externally toward followers or self‐directed toward the leader. Together, the valence, arousal, and target of the leaders' emotional expressions are signals that shape followers' emotions and, in turn, the subsequent quality of their leader–member exchange relationships.