The evolution of longevity: Evidence from Canada
研究发现加拿大最高收入男性比最低收入男性寿命长8年（11%），女性差3.6年，且收入-长寿梯度随时间均匀变化，与美国形成鲜明对比。
Abstract Canadian men in the top earnings ventile live eight years (11%) longer than do men in the bottom ventile. For women, the difference is 3.6 years. This earnings–longevity gradient has shifted uniformly across earnings groups through time, in stark contrast to in the US. We demonstrate that the widely used period measurement method can differ from cohort measures. For middle‐aged men, we find a recent slowdown of mortality improvements, echoing the situation in the US. With comparable data, the Canadian earnings–longevity gradient is half the US gradient; but one quarter of this gap may result from Canada–US earnings differences.