The Opportunity Atlas: Mapping the Childhood Roots of Social Mobility
构建了一个公开的地图集，展示按童年人口普查区划分的成年期平均结果，发现不同社区间结果差异显著，且传统贫困率等指标只能解释一半差异，实验证据表明60%的差异由因果效应驱动，可用于改善低机会区域和帮助家庭搬迁到高机会区域。
We construct a public atlas of mean outcomes in adulthood by childhood census tract. Outcomes vary sharply across neighborhoods: For children whose parents earn $27,000, the standard deviation of mean household income in adulthood is $10,420 across tracts within counties. Only half the variation in outcomes is explained by traditional measures of neighborhood opportunity like poverty rates. Experimental and quasi-experimental estimates indicate 60 percent of the variation in outcomes across neighborhoods is driven by causal effects. We demonstrate how our statistics can be applied to better target policies to improve low-opportunity areas and help families move to affordable high-opportunity areas.