The School-to-Prison Pipeline: Long-Run Impacts of School Suspensions on Adult Crime
利用学校边界变化和校长更换的数据，研究发现高停学率学校的学生成年后被逮捕和监禁的概率增加15-20%，对男性和有色人种学生的教育成就负面影响尤为显著。
Schools must balance student behavior management with the potential negatives of strict discipline. These policies can deter misbehavior but may stigmatize students and expose them to the criminal justice system early. We assess the impact of attending a strict discipline school on achievement, educational attainment, and adult criminal activity. Using data from a boundary change and principal switches, we find that higher suspension rates have significant negative long-term effects. Students at such schools are 15–20 percent more likely to be arrested and incarcerated as adults. Negative impacts on educational attainment are particularly pronounced for males and students of color.