Global Food Trade and the Costs of Non‐Adoption of Genetic Engineering
研究了不采用基因工程技术的国家在粮食进口中面临的市场准入减少和价格上涨问题，发现这些国家不仅无法享受技术带来的农业扩张红利，甚至比技术从未存在时更糟。
For several staple grains, the share of trade that originates in and is destined for countries that have approved genetically engineered (GE) varieties continues to expand as a share of total trade. As the GE‐world expands, non‐adoption of GE technology may isolate a market, effectively eliminating a growing source of food. This research seeks to quantify the impacts of GE approval and non‐approval on food prices and access to food from abroad in importing countries. We show that non‐adoption of GE technology reduces a country's access to imports and raises its prices. Not only do non‐approving importers fail to receive the full benefits of agricultural expansion resulting from genetic engineering, the countries are worse off relative to a world in which the technology never existed.