Fraud Deterrence Institutions Reduce Intrinsic Honesty
通过准实验发现，公共交通中的查票威慑不仅未能教育乘客，反而使欺诈者和非欺诈者在后续金钱任务中更不诚实，溢出效应源于对普遍规范的认知。
Abstract The impact of deterrence institutions beyond their immediate scope of application is unknown. Using a quasi-experiment with naturally occurring variation in inspections, we found evidence of spillover effects across contexts. We identified fraudsters and non-fraudsters on public transport who were or not exposed to ticket inspections. We measured the intrinsic honesty of the same persons in a new context where they could misappropriate money. Instead of having an educative effect across contexts, the exposure to deterrence practices increased unethical behaviour of fraudsters but also, strikingly, of non-fraudsters. Learning about the prevailing norm is the likely channel of this spillover effect.