Technology, production environment, and household income: Assessing the regional impacts of technological change
分析了农业技术扩散不均时，影响家庭福利的关键因素，包括市场开放度、家庭消费或生产角色、技术采用情况、劳动力流动性及政府干预，对政策制定者和农业经济学家有参考价值。
Abstract This paper clarifies the factors determining the welfare effects of improved agricultural technologies when technology diffusion is unevenly distributed across production environments. Household-level income effects are shown to depend primarily on: (a) whether the economy is open or closed with respect to world markets; (b) whether households are net consumers or net producers of the commodity for which technological change occurs; (c) whether households are adopters or non-adopters of the new technology; (d) the degree to which labor is mobile across agricultural regions; and (e) government intervention in commodity and/or factor markets. A review of recent empirical work indicates considerable variation in the relative strength of these various factors across countries, and that assumptions regarding the mechanism by which commodity prices are determined — endogenously as in a closed economy, or exogenously as in an open economy — is especially critical.