The American Class Structure
基于马克思主义关系视角，利用全美调查数据，从投资、决策、他人劳动和自身劳动的控制关系定义阶级，发现工人阶级是最大阶级，近半数阶级位置具有矛盾性，低层白领与体力劳动者同样无产阶级化，女性和少数族裔无产阶级化程度更高。
This paper presents the first systematic investigation of the American class structure based on data gatheredfrom an explicitly Marxian, relational perspective. Classes in this research are not defined in terms of categories of occupations, but in terms of social relations of control over investments, decision making, other people's work, and one's own work. Data on these dimensions of social relations of production were gathered in a national survey of the U.S. working population. Four general results from the study are particularly important: (I) The working class is byfar the largest class in the American class structure. (2) Close to half of all locations within the class structure have a contradictory character, that is, their class content is determined by more than one basic The American class structure cannot therefore be represented by any simple scheme of class polarization. (3) Lower status white-collar occupations are virtually as proletarianized as manual occupations. It therefore makes little sense to consider such occupations as part of the middle class. (4) Women and blacks are considerably more proletarianized than white males. The result is that a sizable majority of the U.S. working class is composed of women and minorities.