Whitelashing: Black Politicians, Taxes, and Violence
研究发现，1870年美国县人均税收每增加1美元，黑人政治家遭受暴力袭击的概率上升超过25%，这是首个量化证据表明重建时期的政治暴力与黑人政治效能直接相关。
This paper provides the first evidence of the effect of tax policy on violent attacks against Black politicians. I find a positive effect of local tax revenue on subsequent violence against Black politicians. A dollar increase in per capita county taxes in 1870 increased the likelihood of a violent attack by more than 25 percent. The result is robust to controls for numerous economic, historical, and political factors. I also find counties where Black officeholders were attacked have the largest tax reversions. This provides the first quantitative evidence that Reconstruction political violence was specifically related to Black political efficacy.