What Shapes the Quality and Behavior of Government Officials? Institutional Variation in Selection and Retention Methods
综述了政府官员选拔与留任规则（尤其是低信息职位）的文献，梳理了制度差异的历史起源、分析框架和实证规律，并讨论了数字化和机器学习带来的新研究机会。
In representative democracies, a variety of rules are employed to select and retain public officials to reflect public preferences over policies. We discuss the literature on selection and retention rules for government officials, focusing on low-information offices. First, we overview the historical origins and the scope of the variation in selection and retention rules. Second, we provide conceptual frameworks for assessing the advantages and disadvantages of direct elections and discuss various factors that influence the functioning of elections. Third, we present empirical regularities. We summarize the baseline effects of the institutional variation and their interaction with factors such as media and compensation. Finally, we discuss outstanding questions on theoretical and empirical fronts, and how the digitization of government information and advances in machine learning can open up new avenues for research.