Hours, Employment and Earnings of American Manufacturing Workers from the 19th Century to the 21st Century
研究美国制造业生产工人一个世纪以来工时、就业和小时收入的变动规律，发现它们类似条件劳动供给函数，就业增加替代人均工时减少，且工会和立法影响显著，但近期小时收入变化对工时和就业的解释力减弱。
For a century, two labour market empirical regularities characterized the movements of the hours of work, employment and hourly compensation of American manufacturing production workers. They resembled conditional labour supply functions. Increases in employment substituted for reductions in hours per worker. The implied elasticities of hours and employment with respect to hourly earnings declined in absolute value over time. The activities of trade unions and the effects of statutory legislation contribute to the explanations for what is observed. Recently, changes in real hourly earnings contribute little to understanding movements in hours of work and in employment of these workers.