Backlash in performance feedback: Deepening the understanding of the role of gender in performance appraisal
研究通过分析400份绩效评估和271人调查，发现女性在各层级绩效反馈中均遭遇反弹效应（因违反性别角色规范而受社会惩罚），且女性对相关词汇敏感度较低，正向反馈会强化性别角色行为。
Abstract We explore one possible factor contributing to the proverbial glass ceiling for women—manifestation of the backlash effect, defined as social repercussions received by women who violate the female gender‐role norm, in performance feedback. Feedback phrasing may have consequences for employee commitment to the organization and intention to leave. The results of study 1, a mixed qualitative and quantitative analysis of a sample of 400 written performance evaluations from two organizations, provide evidence of the backlash effect in the feedback language used in women's performance appraisals at all levels of the organizational hierarchy, not just for women in leadership roles as expected. The results of a self‐report survey of 271 working adults (study 2) suggest differing sensitivity to the use of backlash‐related words according to gender, unexpectedly pointing to lower sensitivity for women and evidence of shaping behaviors toward one's gender‐role norm through positive feedback. Implications are discussed.