Old wine in new wineskins? Understanding the cooperative movement: Catalonia, 1860–1939
研究了1860至1939年间加泰罗尼亚合作运动的扩散，发现其从沿海向内陆传播，受识字率、社会资本、交通可达性和邻近效应影响。
Abstract Different factors have been proposed to explain why in some regions there is a greater tendency to form cooperatives. The debate remains open. In this study, we look at the spread of cooperativism within Catalonia from 1860 to 1939. Catalonia was not just the leading industrial region in Spain but also where cooperatives first emerged and had a greater presence. In line with the existing evidence, we find that cooperativism spread from coastal municipalities to the hinterland. In particular, it seems that local conditions (literacy and social capital) facilitated this process, while accessibility to the transport network and neighbouring effects also played a significant role.