The Ways of Corruption in Infrastructure: Lessons from the Odebrecht Case
研究了巴西建筑公司奥德布雷赫特案，发现贿赂使项目成本平均增加70.8%，而贿赂金额仅占项目成本的1%-2%，为理解基础设施领域腐败机制提供了新视角。
In 2016, the Brazilian construction firm Odebrecht was fined $2.6 billion by the US Department of Justice. It was the largest corruption case ever prosecuted under the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Our examination of judicial documents and media reports on this case provides new insights on the workings of corruption in the infrastructure sector. Odebrecht paid bribes for two reasons: to tailor the terms of the auction in its favor, as well as to obtain favorable terms in contract renegotiations. In projects where Odebrecht paid bribes, costs increased by 70.8 percent on average, compared with 5.6 percent for projects with no bribes. We also find that bribes and profits made from bribing were smaller than documented in most previous studies, in the range of one to two percent of the cost of a project.