Toward a positive theory of public participation in government: Variations in New York City's participatory budgeting
基于纽约市六个区议会的实地调研，分析了参与式预算实践差异的原因，发现区办公室和公民社会组织出于战略利益才积极参与，对研究者和政策制定者理解现实参与机制有参考价值。
Abstract Normative research on public participation in government related to desirable amounts and modes of participation has been flourishing. However, positive research explaining variations in real‐world participation processes, while gaining momentum, is still thin and fragmented. This article aims to further the positive perspective by examining differences in participatory budgeting (PB) and the reasons for these differences in six New York City council districts based on fieldwork and secondary sources. The evidence suggests that district offices were invested in PB to gain strategic advantages, such as answering calls for political renewal, recovering from a mismanagement scandal, and signaling progressive values. Similarly, civil society organizations steered their resources toward PB only if they were interested in agenda items and in doing work with as opposed to against public officials. In the end, this study discusses implications for positive research and possible external interventions to achieve more even participation standards.