What lies beneath? Spectrality as a focal phenomenon and a focal theory for strengthening engagement with philanthropic foundations
提出幽灵性作为慈善研究中的焦点现象和理论，通过系统综述社会科学文献，识别出四个主题集群，为基金会研究提供新视角，并推动组织与管理领域的相关讨论。
Abstract Foundations are frequently referred to as a donor's dead hand, as a way to exert social, political, economic and cultural influence from beyond the grave. Building on this, our paper argues for a greater focus on and consideration of the significance of the spectral in philanthropy research and practice, particularly in relation to foundations. We argue that spectrality offers a focal phenomenon in philanthropy and a focal theory for moving foundation inquiry forward. Based on our systematic review of the social sciences literature on the spectral, we identify and offer four thematic clusters to frame insights about foundations in relation to relationality and decentring, narratives and representations, ethics and politics, continuity and change. Connecting foundation scholarship with existing debates about the spectral and vice versa, our work offers a basis for reflection and future research on the part of those immersed in the foundation world, and contributes to emergent scholarship about the spectral in organization and management studies.