A price for toleration: The role of grain in shaping business relations between nobles and Jews of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
本文研究17世纪中期波兰-立陶宛联邦贵族与犹太人的商业联盟如何通过谷物贸易和租赁协议应对经济危机，并指出这种联盟虽促进经济但未能保障犹太人的法治容忍，反而阻碍了经济增长。
This article argues that the business alliance between the Polish nobility and the Jews was central to the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth’s overcoming the economic crisis of the mid-seventeenth following the decline of grain exports. The leaseholding agreements by which the nobles entrusted the management of their landed property and monopoly rights to the Jews allowed the exploitation of local markets as the main outlet for grain production while the reshaping of the river trade’s organisation supported new products’ exports as well as those of grain. In contrast, the article explains how, by virtue of their integration into the management of the nobles’ estates, Jewish communities remained entangled in the meshes of the Polish feudal system, and exposed, as a symbol of its oppression, to antisemitic attacks. The ‘philosemitic mercantilism’ pursed by the nobles did not come to guarantee the Jews a tolerance based on the rule of law. The price was a brake on economic growth.