Emissions, Transmission, and the Environmental Value of Renewable Energy
利用德克萨斯和中大陆电力市场的小时数据，研究发现放松输电约束能显著提升风电的非市场价值，主要因为风电替代了人口密集区附近化石燃料机组的污染排放。
We examine how transmission congestion alters the environmental benefits provided by renewable generation. Using hourly data from the Texas and midcontinent electricity markets, we find that relaxing transmission constraints between the wind-rich areas and the demand centers of the respective markets conservatively increases the nonmarket value of wind by 30 percent for Texas and 17 percent for midcontinent markets. Much of this increase in the nonmarket value arises from a redistribution in where air quality improvements occur—when transmission is not constrained, wind offsets much more pollution from fossil fuel units located near highly populated demand centers.