Nazi German waste recovery and the vision of a circular economy: The case of waste paper and rags
研究了纳粹德国（1933-45年）如何将废物回收纳入其经济、意识形态和扩张主义，以废纸和破布为例，揭示了其与种族灭绝和扩张主义的关联。
In Nazi Germany (1933–45), reclaiming waste became an intrinsic component of the regime’s economy as well as its ideological, racial, and expansionist ambitions. National Socialist interventions into waste streams began in 1934 with salvage campaigns. The state then brought urban waste policies and municipal waste services under its control, restructuring and ‘Aryanising’ the waste salvage trade. Moreover, both consumers and producers were prompted to collect and reprocess waste. Over time, the gradual expansion of the Nazi waste recovery policies and campaigns – here referred to as the ‘Nazi waste exploitation regime’ – brought forth a determined vision of a circular economy in which no waste whatsoever should escape its reclamation for the national community or Volksgemeinschaft. This article sketches the actors, structures, and objectives of this waste exploitation regime for the case of rags and paper and uncovers its entanglement with Nazi racist and genocidal ideology and expansionism.