Stalled Racial Progress and Japanese Trade in the 1970s and 1980s
研究1970-80年代日本进口竞争加剧对美国种族收入与就业差距的影响，发现日本竞争导致黑人制造业就业和劳动参与率下降，解释了黑人男性收入相对下降的78-96%。
Abstract We assess the impact of a rapid rise in Japanese import competition on the growth in racial earnings and employment gaps during the 1970s and 80s. Using commuting zone level variation in exposure, we find Japanese competition led to a decrease in manufacturing employment and labour force participation for blacks. This was driven by a shift in demand for skill in manufacturing. The difference in effects between the 10th percentile most and least exposed commuting zone was equivalent to 36–46% of the relative rise in black non-labour force participation, and 78–96% of the relative decline in black median male earnings.