The origin and development of firm management
研究了管理实践的历史起源与传播，发现二战期间美国对军工企业的管理培训显著提升了其生产力，且战后美国管理原则向欧洲和日本输出，在日本催生了“改善”管理理念。
Abstract This paper examines the historical origin and diffusion of management practices. Despite their centrality in modern world, the concepts of ‘management’ developed fairly recently. Only with the Industrial Revolution, due to the increased firm size, owners needed a management structure to coordinate activities across different plants. Management soon became the subject of numerous studies in economics, sociology, and psychology to maximize firm productivity. The first large-scale programme of management practices diffusion was developed in the US during the Second World War: offering such training to US firms involved in war production boosted their performance for at least 10 years. After the Second World War, the US exported its management principles to Europe, where they have large and persistent effects on small firm productivity, and to Japan, where they interacted with the local economic conditions and originated the ‘kaizen Japanese management’, which aims at ‘continuous improvement’ in firm performance.