Operational research and critical systems thinking—an integrated perspective
本文基于系统思维在运筹学历史中的角色，提出将运筹学理解为应用系统思维，并探讨批判性系统思维如何通过两种分支（批判系统启发法和整体系统干预）提升运筹学的概念复杂性，最终构建一个整合的专业实践框架。
AbstractOn the basis of a review of the role of systems thinking in the history of OR, Part 1 of this essay proposed a systematic understanding of OR as applied systems thinking. Further, it identified the contribution of 'critical' systems thinking (CST) in a combined ability of its two strands, critical systems heuristics (CSH) and total systems intervention (TSI), to enhance the conceptual sophistication of OR. Part 2 aims to translate this understanding into a framework for good professional practice. How exactly can CST strengthen the competence profile of OR professionals? Drawing on three experience-based archetypes of professional service and some basic argumentation-theoretical considerations, a new understanding of OR and applied systems thinking as argumentative practice emerges. In this new understanding CST finds a systematic place and some exemplary uses of CSH and TSI can be located—an integrated perspective.Keywords: practice of ORphilosophy of ORmethodologyprofessionalOR educationsystems AcknowledgementsThe author thanks Richard Ormerod, Warwick University, Coventry, UK, for very helpful comments on earlier versions of this essay as well as for many years of stimulating exchange about the meaning of good practice in operational research and applied systems thinking.