Counterfactual dissimilarity: Can changes in demographics and income explain increased racial integration in US cities?
研究利用1990年和2008-2012年美国人口普查微观数据，通过非参数空间分解方法，发现人口特征变化可解释美国城市黑白种族融合增强的三分之一以上。
Abstract Urban areas in the US have experienced important changes in racial/ethnic distributions over the last two decades. In the average urban area today black–white racial integration has increased by 10.6% between 1990 and 2010. Changes in racial and ethnic distributions and gentrification are often associated with changes in residents' demographic characteristics, such as income, education, and age. This paper applies a nonparametric spatial decomposition technique using complete (restricted‐use) microdata files from the 1990 Decennial Long Form Census and 2008–2012 American Community Surveys to assess what portion of the changes in racial distributions can be attributed to changes in individual characteristics. We find that that, on average, a little over a third of the observed increase in integration can be accounted for by changes in observed individual characteristics.