The volatility of survey measures of culture and its consequences
研究发现世界价值观调查中的文化指标存在国家内波动和时间趋势，导致其与产出的相关性不稳定，并重新审视了相关重要研究。
Abstract Measures of cultural attitudes derived from the World Values Survey are often used in economics to investigate the relation between individual culture and aggregate output. We show (i) that these measures are constructed from underlying variables that exhibit within‐country volatility and time trends; and (ii) that such lack of persistence implies fragile correlations between cultural measures and output. These points are illustrated by revisiting prominent studies in this literature.