Elite violence and elite numeracy in Africa from 1400 CE to 1950 CE
通过分析非洲统治者出生年份和被杀比例，追踪1400年以来非洲精英的计算能力与暴力行为，发现撒哈拉以南非洲地区精英暴力减少与计算能力提高同步发展，但部分地区如埃塞俄比亚和安哥拉早期领先后又衰退。
Abstract How can we trace early African development? The share of rulers’ known birth year has been identified as an indicator of elite numeracy in African regions since 1400, and the share of murdered rulers allows us to gain insights into interpersonal violence behaviour of African elites. From this emerges a dynamic picture of quantitative African history: the absence of elite violence and high elite numeracy developed jointly in sub-Saharan Africa. Some African regions, such as today’s Ethiopia and Angola, took the lead in early development but also experienced severe declines. Development in Africa was, on average, later than in Northwestern Europe.