Standard vs random dictator games: On the effects of role uncertainty and framing on generosity
通过改变独裁者决策被实施的概率（角色不确定性）以及表述方式（框架），研究发现这两种因素都会显著影响参与者的慷慨程度。
We show that generosity is affected when we vary the level of role uncertainty, i.e., the probability that the dictator’s decision will be implemented. We also show that framing matters for generosity in that subjects are less generous when they are told that their choices will be implemented with a certain probability, compared with a setting in which they are told that their choices will not be implemented with certain probability.