On the origins of national identity. German nation-building after Napoleon
研究了1815年左右德国地区首次民族建设政策中宣传的效果，通过城市和村庄的婴儿名字数据发现，受政策影响的城市父母更倾向于给孩子取民族化名字，而村庄没有类似变化，表明民族认同在城市尤其是精英中更普遍。
What are the origins of national identity? We investigate the success of propaganda as one the first nation-building policies conducted in the German lands around 1815. To elicit identity changes at the level of individuals we use data on first names across German cities and villages. To validate the approach of using first names, we show that soldiers with national names had a higher likelihood to be honored for bravery during the German-French War. Exploiting unanticipated border changes together with variation within the same families over time, i.e., family fixed effects, we find that parents in treated cities responded by choosing national (rather than ruler) first names for their children. We do not find a corresponding increase in villages suggesting that national identity was more prevalent among the urban population, in particular the elite, during this period.